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Note
1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Operations-Praxair,
Inc. (Praxair or Company) was founded in 1907 and became an independent
publicly traded company in 1992. Praxair is the largest industrial
gases company in North and South America, and one of the largest
worldwide. The Company is also the world's largest supplier of carbon
dioxide. Praxair produces, sells and distributes atmospheric, process
and specialty gases, and high-performance surface coatings to a
diverse group of industries including metal fabrication, chemicals
& refining, primary metals, food and beverage, healthcare, semiconductor
materials, aerospace, glass, pulp and paper, and environmental remediation.
Principles of Consolidation-The consolidated
financial statements include the accounts of all significant subsidiaries
where control exists. Equity investments generally consist of 20-50%
owned operations. Operations less than 20% owned are generally carried
at cost. Pre-tax income from equity investments, which are partnerships
or limited liability corporations (LLC), is included in other income
(expenses)-net with related taxes included in income taxes. Partnership
net assets are reported as equity investments in the balance sheet.
Praxair does not allocate corporate costs to its equity investments.
Significant intercompany transactions are eliminated.
Use
of Estimates-The preparation of financial statements in conformity
with generally accepted accounting principles requires management
to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts
of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and
liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported
amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. While
actual results could differ, management believes such estimates
to be reasonable.
Revenue
Recognition-Revenue is recognized when product is shipped
or services are provided to customers. Revenues from long-term construction
contracts are recognized using the percentage-of- completion method.
Under this method, revenues for sales of major equipment, such as
large air separation facilities, are recognized primarily based
on cost incurred to date compared with total estimated cost. Changes
to total estimated cost and anticipated losses, if any, are recognized
in the period determined.
Cash
and Cash Equivalents-Cash equivalents are considered to be
highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months
or less.
Inventories-Inventories
are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined generally
using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for certain U.S. operations
and the average cost method for most other operations.
Property,
Plant and Equipment-net-Property, plant and equipment are
carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is
calculated on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful
lives of the assets which range from 3 to 40 years. Praxair generally
uses accelerated depreciation methods for tax purposes where appropriate.
The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of long-lived
assets based upon anticipated cash flows generated from such assets.
Foreign Currency Translation-For international
subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency,
translation gains and losses are reported as part of the accumulated
other comprehensive income (loss) (cumulative translation adjustment)
component of shareholders' equity. For international subsidiaries
operating in hyperinflationary economies, the U.S. dollar is the
functional currency and translation gains and losses are included
in income.
As
required by accounting standards, effective January 1, 1998, Brazil
is no longer a hyperinflationary economy. Accordingly, Praxair's
majority owned subsidiary in Brazil (White Martins) designated the
Brazilian Real as its functional currency instead of the U.S. dollar.
This change required Praxair to record a one-time cumulative adjustment
for additional deferred income taxes of $81 million with offsetting
balance sheet adjustments to the accumulated other comprehensive
income (loss) (cumulative translation adjustment) component of shareholders'
equity, and minority interests of $57 million and $24 million, respectively.
Financial Instruments-Praxair enters into
various derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure
to fluctuating interest and currency exchange rates. Such instruments
include interest rate swap and forward rate agreements, and currency
swap, forward and option contracts. These instruments are not entered
into for trading purposes. Praxair only uses commonly traded and
non-leveraged instruments.
Interest rate
swap and forward rate agreements involve the exchange of fixed and
floating interest payments without the exchange of the underlying
principal amounts. The differential to be paid or received is recognized
as an adjustment to interest expense. The notional amounts of interest
rate swap and forward rate agreements do not exceed the underlying
debt principal amounts. If an interest rate swap or forward rate
agreement is terminated before its maturity, any gain or loss is
deferred and amortized as interest expense over the remaining life
of the underlying debt or the remaining life of the swap, if shorter.
Currency swap,
forward and option contracts are generally entered into to hedge
recorded balance sheet amounts related to international operations,
firm commitments that create currency exposures and projected net
income. Gains and losses on hedges of assets and liabilities are
recorded in other income (expenses)-net as offsets to the gains
and losses from the underlying hedged amounts; gains and losses
on hedges of net investments are reported on the balance sheet as
part of the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (cumulative
translation adjustment) within shareholders' equity; and gains and
losses on hedges of firm commitments are recorded on the balance
sheet and included in the basis of the underlying transaction. Forward
exchange contracts that cover exposures which do not qualify for
hedge accounting (e.g., net income hedges) are recorded in other
income (expenses)- net on a fair market value basis.
Praxair uses
the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value
of each class of financial instrument. Due to their nature, the
carrying value of cash, short-term investments and short-term debt,
receivables and payables approximates fair value. The fair value
of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices
for the same or similar issues. The fair value of interest rate
swaps and currency exchange contracts are estimated based on market
prices obtained from dealer quotes. Such quotes represent the estimated
amount Praxair would receive or pay to terminate the agreements
taking into consideration current rates and the credit worthiness
of the counterparties (see Note 5).
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