|
Note
1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies cont'd
Patents, Trademarks
And Goodwill-Amounts
paid for patents and the excess of the purchase price over the fair
value of the net assets of acquired operations (goodwill) are recorded
as other long-term assets. Patents are amortized over their remaining
useful lives, while trademarks and goodwill are amortized over the
estimated period of benefit, up to forty years. Praxair periodically
evaluates the recoverability of patents, trademarks and goodwill
by assessing whether the unamortized balance can be recovered over
its remaining life through cash flows generated by the underlying
tangible assets. Should the expected undiscounted cash flows be
less than the carrying amount of the intangible asset, an impairment
loss would be recognized.
Research And
Development-Research
and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.
Income Taxes-Deferred
income taxes are recorded for the temporary differences between
the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities
using current tax rates.
Retirement Programs-Most
Praxair employees worldwide are covered by various pension plans.
The cost of pension benefits under these plans is determined using
the "projected unit credit" actuarial cost method. Funding
of pension plans varies and is in accordance with local laws and
practices.
Praxair accrues
the cost of retiree life and health insurance benefits during the
employees' service period when such benefits are earned.
Postemployment
Benefits-Praxair
recognizes the estimated cost of future benefits provided to former
and inactive employees after employment but before retirement on
the accrual basis.
Stock-Based
Compensation-Praxair
accounts for incentive plans and stock options using the provisions
of Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock
Issued to Employees. Pro forma information required by Statement
of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123, Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation, is included in Note
9.
Earnings Per
Share-Basic
earnings per share is computed by dividing net income for the period
by the weighted average number of Praxair common shares outstanding.
Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income for
the period by the weighted average number of Praxair common shares
outstanding and dilutive common stock equivalents. Stock options
for 6,662,005 and 4,604,610 shares were not included in the computation
of diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2000
and December 31, 1999, respectively, because the exercise prices
were greater than the average market price of the common stock.
All references in the consolidated financial statements are to diluted
earnings per share unless stated otherwise. The difference between
the number of shares used in the basic earnings per share calculation
compared to the diluted earnings per share calculation is due to
the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options.
Accounting Change-In
accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
(AICPA) Statement of Position (SOP) 98-5, Reporting on the Costs
of Start-Up Activities, Praxair recorded an after-tax-charge of
$10 million in the first quarter of 1999 as the cumulative effect
of an accounting change.
Recently Issued
Accounting Standards-
In June 1998, The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 133, Accounting
for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, and later amended
by SFAS No. 137 and 138, and is effective January 1, 2001. SFAS
No. 133 requires all derivatives to be recorded at their fair values.
Changes in their fair values will be recognized in earnings as offsets
to the changes in the fair values of the hedged assets, liabilities,
and firm commitments; or, deferred as a separate component of accumulated
other comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged transaction occurs
and is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portion of a hedging
derivative's change in fair value will be immediately recognized
in earnings. As summarized in Note 5, at December 31, 2000, Praxair
has interest rate swap or forward starting swap agreements outstanding
with a notional value totaling $780 million. Of these, swaps with
notional amounts totaling $700 million have been designated as,
and are effective as, hedges of outstanding debt instruments or
lease obligations. The Company also has currency exchange forward
contracts outstanding with notional amounts totaling $248 million
which are effective economic hedges but, are not designated as hedges
for accounting purposes. For the quarter ended March 31, 2001, Praxair
will record a one-time after-tax charge as a cumulative effect adjustment
for the initial adoption of SFAS No. 133 totaling $2 million in
its statement of operations, and an unrealized loss of $4 million
in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
In accordance
with Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Consensus No. 2000-15, Classification
in the Statement of Cash Flows of the Income Tax Benefit Received
by a Company Upon Exercise of a Nonqualified Employee Stock Option,
Praxair has included the tax benefit associated with the exercise
of stock options as cash flows from operations. Such tax benefits
were previously reported as financing cash flows ($5 million in
2000, $16 million in 1999 and $8 million in 1998).
Reclassifications-Certain
prior years' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current
year's presentation.
|